The giant squid, a near mythical monster 巨型鱿鱼，接近神话般的怪物
that lives in the deep ocean. 住在深海中
And other creatures there, so strange 还有其他生物，很奇怪
and bizarre they could come from a nightmare. 而且它们可能来自噩梦。
(upbeat music) （欢快的音乐）
Others are exquisitely beautiful and dazzle us 其他人非常美丽，让我们眼花azz乱
with their lights and colors. 与他们的灯光和颜色。
(bells tinkling) （叮当响）
Almost all live at depths of around a thousand meters 几乎所有人都生活在大约一千米的深度
that we've only just begun to explore. 我们才刚刚开始探索。
Now however, we're developing technology 但是现在，我们正在开发技术
that can take us to places where the ocean 可以带我们到海洋
is 10 times deeper. 深10倍
(upbeat music) （欢快的音乐）
An international team of scientists is setting out 一个国际科学家团队正在出发
to discover what if anything lives 发现什么有生命
at these much greater depths. 在这些更大的深度。
Down there the water pressure can be a thousand times 那里的水压可能是千倍
that on the surface, and there's little food. 表面上几乎没有食物。
(water bubbling) （冒泡）
Until recently man scientists assumed 直到最近，人类科学家才认为
that such waters must be barren. 这样的水一定是贫瘠的。
How could any creature survive in such conditions. 任何生物在这样的条件下如何生存。
We now know that there is life down there, 现在我们知道那里有生命，
but we still know very little about it. 但我们对此仍然知之甚少。
(upbeat music) （欢快的音乐）
This is an expedition to explore the earth's 这是一次探索地球的探险
deepest frontier. 最深的边界。
(upbeat music) （欢快的音乐）
We are heading for the middle of the Pacific Ocean. 我们正走向太平洋中部。
The sea floor between Japan and Australia 日本和澳大利亚之间的海底
is cut by an enormous marine trench 被一条巨大的海沟割断
that stretches for two and half thousand kilometers. 绵延两千五百公里。
It's the deepest in the world, the Mariana Trench. 世界上最深的马里亚纳海沟（Mariana Trench）。
Such immense trenches are rare 如此巨大的战are很少见
and most are found in the Pacific. 大多数在太平洋地区发现。
Around its rim, there are deep cracks created 在其边缘周围，产生了深层裂缝
by movements far below in the earth's crust. 通过地壳下面远方的运动。
At many points along them, that's what's created 在他们的许多地方，这就是所创造的
a series of underwater trenches. 一系列的水下战es。
(water splashing) （泼水）
To dive here is to enter another world. 在这里潜水就是进入另一个世界。
As we descend it gets darker and darker 当我们下降时，它变得越来越暗
until 200 meters down, there is hardly any light at all. 直到200米以下，几乎没有任何光线。
Many of the creatures living here have huge eyes 生活在这里的许多生物都有大眼睛
that enable them to gather what little light there is. 使他们能够收集几乎没有的光。
(light music) （轻音乐）
And some produce their own light. 有些产生自己的光。
(bells tinkling) （叮当响）
Below 1000 meters, there is no sunlight whatever. 1000米以下的地方没有阳光。
Finding food in the blackness is not easy. 在黑暗中寻找食物并不容易。
Some fish here have gigantic mouths 这里有些鱼嘴大
so that they can tackle almost anything edible 这样他们就可以解决几乎所有可食用的食物
that comes their way. 他们来了。
Others stand on stilts above the sea floor 其他人则站在海床之上的高跷上
waiting for a meal to drift by. 等待一顿饭。
The pressure in these black depths is immense. 这些黑色深度中的压力巨大。
An experiment with a large steel ball 一个大钢球的实验
shows how great it is. 显示它有多棒。
Under pressure equivalent to that 在与之相当的压力下
a depth of 2000 meters, 2000米的深度
(loud blast) （大声爆炸）
the thick steel walls collapse. 厚厚的钢墙坍塌了。
(light music) （轻音乐）
How can animals living in such conditions survive? 在这种条件下生活的动物如何生存？
The bodies of most marine creatures are largely made 大多数海洋生物的尸体很大程度上是由
up of water, which is uncompressable. 不可压缩的水。
So such creatures are not crushed by it. 因此，此类生物不会被它压碎。
But below a certain depth, the huge pressure 但是在一定深度以下，巨大的压力
creates a different problem. 造成了另一个问题。
Where the sea floor drops to more than 6000 meters, 海底下降到6000多米的地方，
the pressure is so enormous that it destroys 压力是如此之大以至于破坏
the structure of the cells of which 其细胞的结构
an animal is made. 动物被制成。
This part of the ocean is called the hadal zone. 海洋的这部分被称为海底带。
And here life is near impossible. 在这里，生活几乎是不可能的。
(suspenseful music) （悬疑的音乐）
But not totally. 但并非完全如此。
There are a few living things here, 这里有一些生物
but they're very few and hard to find. 但是它们很少而且很难找到。
(upbeat music) （欢快的音乐）
The expedition's aim is to look for them 探险队的目的是寻找他们
in the Mariana Trench. 在马里亚纳海沟。
Scientists from one of Japan's leading deep sea 来自日本领先的深海之一的科学家
research institutes are leading the project. 研究机构负责该项目。
The first stage will be to send down a platform 第一个阶段将是发送一个平台
and establish it on the sea floor. 并在海底建立它。
They call it the lander. 他们称其为着陆器。
It carries a high-resolution camera specially modified 它带有经过特别改装的高分辨率相机
to work at these extreme depths. 在这些极端的深度工作。
Pieces of raw fish are attached to one of lander's arms 生鱼片附着在着陆器的一只手臂上
to attract any deep sea creatures 吸引任何深海生物
that might be down here. 可能在这里。
Well I'm not sure what kind of marine life 好吧，我不确定哪种海洋生物
we'll be able to capture on camera 我们将可以在相机上拍摄
but fingers crossed. 但手指交叉。
The lander is ready to go. 着陆器已准备就绪。
(waves crashing) （海啸）
The water is crystal clear. 水清澈见底。
Slowly the lander descends. 着陆器缓慢下降。
The Mariana Trench is thousands of miles from land 马里亚纳海沟距离陆地数千英里
and these seas contain very few nutrients. 这些海洋中几乎没有养分。
So there's little food here for marine life. 因此，这里几乎没有海洋生物的食物。
Nearly three and a half hours have passed 已经过去了将近三个半小时
and at last the lander is nearing the bottom. 最后，着陆器接近底部。
(metal clinking) （金属熟料）
It's over eight kilometers deep. 深度超过八公里。
Here the water pressure is 800 times that 这里的水压是水压的800倍
of the surface. 表面。
What kind of creature could survive here? 什么样的生物可以在这里生存？
And will the camera on the lander glimpse them? 着陆器上的相机会瞥见它们吗？
They recognize them. 他们认识他们。
They're amphipods, shrimp-like creatures 他们是两栖类动物，像虾一样的生物
about three centimeters long. 大约三厘米长。
Until now they have only ever been found 直到现在，他们才被发现
in the hadal zone. 在哈达尔区。
They seem to have little difficulty in dealing 他们似乎没有什么困难
with the enormous pressure. 巨大的压力
The lander's camera is programed to be turned on 着陆器的摄像头被编程为打开
for an hour every three hours. 每三个小时一个小时。
Now the team will have to wait until it switches on again. 现在，团队将不得不等到再次打开。
Wow, look at that. 哇，看看那个。
There's been a extraordinary change. 发生了很大的变化。
The bate is covered in amphipods. 丑角被两栖动物覆盖。
This is incredible. 这难以置信。
It looks like a pile of sushi. 它看起来像一堆寿司。
Every time the camera turns on, 每次开启相机时，
the numbers are greater. 数字更大。
The amphipods have stripped the fish bait 两栖动物剥夺了鱼饵
down to the bones. 深入骨头。
But the amphipods themselves might now attract 但两栖动物本身现在可能会吸引
other hungry, bigger creatures. 其他饥饿的大动物。
The scientists watch intently. 科学家们专心地看着。
The lander is 8,178 meters below the surface. 着陆器在水面以下8,178米。
No true fish has ever been seen this deep. 从未见过如此深的真鱼。
If one appeared, it would be a record. 如果出现，那将是一个记录。
(suspenseful music) （悬疑的音乐）
The lander has been sitting on the sea floor 着陆器一直坐在海底
now for 18 hours. 现在持续18个小时。
The team are beginning to lose hope 球队开始失去希望
of seeing anything new. 看到任何新事物。
(men yell) （男人大喊）
Hey, what do we have here? 嘿，我们这里有什么？
This is a strange looking creature. 这是一个看起来很奇怪的生物。
And it seems to be some kind of a fish. 好像是一条鱼。
It looks a little like a tadpole, 看起来有点像，
but it clearly has a backbone. 但它显然具有骨干力量。
It's about 20 centimeters long and must be 它长约20厘米，必须
a fish of some kind. 某种鱼
Here it is again at the bottom. 再次在底部。
The researchers think it may be 研究人员认为可能是
the same species as one discovered 与发现的物种相同
in another part of the Mariana Trench 在马里亚纳海沟的另一部分
by another team three years ago. 由三年前的另一个团队。
It's known simply as the Mariana snail fish. 它被简单地称为马里亚纳蜗牛鱼。
It's definite proof that fish can actually 绝对证明鱼实际上可以
come down to this depth. 下降到这个深度。
(applause) （掌声）
We did it! 我们做到了！
Only one fish was found in the 18 hours. 在18小时内只发现了一条鱼。
It must mean the population density is very low. 它必须表示人口密度非常低。
That's probably what this indicates. 这可能就是这个意思。
When the lander was lowered again 当着陆器再次降下时
to seven and a half kilometers, it also recorded 到七个半公里，它还记录了
some exciting pictures. 一些令人兴奋的图片。
A huge white amphipod, a giant, more than 10 times 一个巨大的白色两栖动物，一个巨大的，超过十倍
the size of the first they saw. 他们第一次看到的尺寸。
It's called the super giant amphipod. 这就是所谓的超级巨型双足动物。
(light music) （轻音乐）
And after some time, the lander is surrounded 一段时间后，着陆器被包围
by ghostly white shapes, more Mariana snail fish. 由鬼白色的形状，更多的马里亚纳蜗牛鱼。
They're attracted to the small amphipods 他们被小型双足动物所吸引
feeding on the bait. 喂饵。
Their eyes could probably see little 他们的眼睛可能看不到
in the dark, but they have special sensory pores 在黑暗中，但它们有特殊的感官毛孔
around the mouth that allow them to detect 让他们发现
movements in the water. 在水中的运动。
(upbeat music) （欢快的音乐）
The snail fish appears almost waif-like 蜗牛鱼几乎呈状
and yet it must be tough to withstand the conditions here. 但是要承受这里的条件一定很困难。
No other fish is known to live as deep as this. 没有其他鱼类能活得如此深。
(waves crashing) （海啸）
To understand just how animals survive 了解动物如何生存
at these extreme depths, a team of international scientists 在这些极端的深度，一支国际科学家团队
have come together. 在一起。
They all bring different skills to the table 他们都带来了不同的技能
and all are passionate about uncovering the mysteries 所有人都热衷于揭开谜团
of the deep seas. 深海。
So our target area is about 200 meter. 因此我们的目标区域约为200米。
They're now planning to capture 他们现在正计划捕获
a snail fish alive at a depth of 8000 meters 活在8000米深处的蜗牛鱼
so that they can examine the workings 以便他们可以检查工作原理
of its body in detail. 身体的细节。
Dr. Jeff Drazen is from the United States. Jeff Drazen博士来自美国。
He's been working on the ecology of the deep sea 他一直在研究深海生态
for many years. 很多年了。
If you go to the top of Mount Everest 如果您去珠穆朗玛峰的顶部
and look around and say that there is snow and ice 环顾四周，说有雪和冰
and that is Mount Everest, you miss most 那就是珠穆朗玛峰，你最想念
of that mountain. 那座山的
And it is the same thing with the trench. 沟渠也是一样。
So it's very important now for modern hadal 所以对于现代哈达来说现在非常重要
investigations to sample the entire trench, 调查以取样整个沟槽，
various depths and various different kinds 不同深度和不同种类
of habitats within this place. 这个地方的栖息地。
(light music) （轻音乐）
Dr. Alan Jamieson is from Britain. 艾伦·贾米森（Alan Jamieson）博士来自英国。
He's an expert on the deep sea and has been 他是深海专家，
at the forefront of designing technology 在设计技术的最前沿
to explore it. 探索它。
So we've got three systems that are gonna be 因此，我们将拥有三个系统
at the point today looking for the snail fish. 今天要寻找蜗牛鱼。
The first one is a baited camera. 第一个是诱饵相机。
We have baits on the seafloor here 我们在这里的海底有诱饵
and it's being filmed by two separate cameras. 并由两个单独的相机拍摄。
So this second system's a large fish trap. 因此，第二个系统是一个大鱼陷阱。
So this will lure a snail fish into the trap 因此，这将诱使蜗牛鱼进入陷阱
and recover a physical specimen. 并回收物理样本。
Quite often the depths are working on are so unknown 深度研究工作经常如此未知
that quite often we see things for the first time. 我们经常第一次看到东西。
And the last one's fairly exciting. 最后一个相当令人兴奋。
It's my passion, the deepest places. 这是我的激情，最深的地方。
The places where no one had been before. 没有人去过的地方。
Places we not dare to go. 我们不敢去的地方。
The team will use a range 团队将使用范围
of different landers designed in different countries. 在不同国家设计的不同着陆器。
Each will be lowered to around 8000 meters, 每个将降到8000米左右，
the depth of which snail fish are known to occur. 已知发生蜗牛鱼的深度。
The first kind carries a fish trap. 第一类带有鱼陷阱。
Once fish have entered the basket, they can't escape. 一旦鱼进入篮子，它们就无法逃脱。
(loud splash) （大声飞溅）
Next in line is the Adaka One, also designed 下一个是Adaka One，它也设计
to catch animals alive and built by a group 捕捉活着的动物并由一群人建造
of small firms in Tokyo. 东京的小公司
I'm sure it will come back tomorrow 我确定明天会回来
and we'll have some fish. 我们要吃鱼
(upbeat music) （欢快的音乐）
The next day the landers are brought back 第二天，着陆器被带回
to the surface. 到表面。
There, yeah, I got it, I got it. 是的，我知道了，我知道了。
The first one up is Adaka One. 第一个是Adaka One。
(men yelling) （男人大喊）
There's something trapped inside the net. 网上有东西被困住了。
But they all look like super giant amphipod, 但它们看起来都像是超级巨型双足动物，
allisella gigantea, seven, eight, nine. allisella gigantea，七，八，九。
(mumbles) This is great. （喃喃自语）这太好了。
These amphipods are truly monsters. 这些两栖动物确实是怪物。
Like most crustaceans their bodies are encased 像大多数甲壳类动物一样，他们的尸体被包裹起来
in hard shell-like armor, and they have sharp pointed tails. 身穿坚硬的贝壳状盔甲，尾巴尖锐。
They use these tails so fish can't eat them. 他们用这些尾巴，所以鱼不能吃它们。
They use that if the fish tries to eat, 他们用它来尝试吃鱼，
it gets poked. 它被戳了。
All of this here is just oily fluid 所有这些都只是油性液体
that helps them float. 帮助他们漂浮。
You'll see it in the videos. 您会在视频中看到它。
They kind of float. 他们有点浮动。
So there's almost no muscle there. 因此，那里几乎没有肌肉。
Nothing to eat. 什么都没吃
The super giant amphipods are the largest 超级巨型双足动物是最大的
in the world and could grow to over 在世界上，并可能成长到
30 centimeters in length. 长度为30厘米。
How they do so is still a mystery. 他们如何这样做仍然是一个谜。
(men talking) （男人在说话）
The fish trip has also returned. 钓鱼之旅也回来了。
(men yelling) （男人大喊）
And it's brought back what they've been hoping for, 它带回了他们一直希望的东西，
a snail fish. 蜗牛鱼。
It's rushed back to the lab for immediate examination. 它被送回实验室立即检查。
So, this is one of our snail fish, 所以，这是我们的蜗牛鱼之一，
a Mariana snail fish. 马里亚纳蜗牛鱼。
That's perfect I think. 我认为那太完美了。
We are very excited. 我们非常兴奋。
We've been working on it for a long time. 我们已经为此工作了很长时间。
The body of the fish is soft and gelatinous. 鱼的身体柔软且呈凝胶状。
It has no scales, and its skin is transparent 没有鳞片，皮肤透明
so one can see right through it 这样一看就可以了
to the muscles beneath. 到下面的肌肉。
Its small eyes are probably useless 它的小眼睛可能没用
but no one knows for sure. 但没人知道。
Some blind fish still retain rudimentary eyes 一些盲鱼仍然保留基本的眼睛
underneath the skin. 在皮肤下面。
So fish have a number of sensory pores 所以鱼有许多感官毛孔
on their heads, do you see them, yeah. 在他们的头上，你看到他们了吗，是的。
Most of the snail fish's pores 蜗牛鱼的大部分毛孔
are located around its mouth and are used 位于它的嘴周围并被使用
for detecting movements in the water. 用于检测水中的运动。
But they go away very quickly, 但是他们很快消失了
magic disappearing pores. 魔术消失的毛孔。
They're gone now. 他们现在走了。
The skin is extremely delicate 皮肤非常细腻
and the pores disappear almost instantly. 毛孔几乎立即消失。
The researchers quickly make a note 研究人员迅速做出记录
of the position of each pore. 每个孔的位置。
And then this is underneath looking up 然后在下面查找
so this is the mouth here. 所以这是这里的嘴
And the underside of the jaw you can see 你可以看到下颌的下侧
lots of little holes, but there's some very, very 很多小孔，但是有一些非常非常
small ones behind the eyes and coming down 眼睛后面的小家伙下来
the sides of the head, like little sensory, 头部的侧面，像小小的感觉，
so its vibrations in the water. 因此它在水中的振动。
The pores probably help the snail fish hunt 毛孔可能有助于蜗牛鱼的狩猎
for prey in the darkness of the deep. 在黑暗的黑暗中捕食。
Even the tiniest movement made by a small crustacean 即使是很小的甲壳动物所做的最微小的动作
will be picked up by these specialized organs. 这些专门机构将接见。
(suspenseful music) （悬疑的音乐）
A closer look at the bodies of deep sea fish 仔细看看深海鱼的身体
is also starting to explain how they survive 也开始解释他们如何生存
the extreme pressures of the deep sea. 深海的极端压力。
Dr. Paul Yancey has been trying to answer Paul Yancey博士一直在试图回答
this question for a long time. 这个问题很久了。
His research has led him to a substance 他的研究使他产生了实质
commonly found in salt water fish. 常见于盐水鱼中。
It's called Trimethylamine oxide or TMAO. 称为三甲胺氧化物或TMAO。
It's a chemical that most people are probably 大多数人可能是一种化学物质
familiar with if they've been to a fish market. 熟悉他们是否去过鱼市场。
It's that faint fishy odor that is coming out 就是那淡淡的腥味散发出来
of all these different species here. 所有这些不同的物种。
And TMAO helps animals survive the high pressure TMAO帮助动物在高压下生存
of the deep. 深的。
The water pressure in the hadal zone 旱区的水压
is so great that it almost destroys body cells. 如此之大以至于几乎破坏了人体细胞。
But exactly how does that happen? 但是到底是怎么发生的呢？
There are proteins inside the cells that carry out 细胞内有蛋白质在进行
essential life functions. 基本生活功能。
It seems that under high pressure water molecules 看来在高压下水分子
are pushed into the proteins and stop them from functioning. 被推入蛋白质中并阻止其功能。
And this is where TMAO helps. 这就是TMAO可以提供帮助的地方。
It binds tightly to the water molecules 它与水分子紧密结合
and prevents them from disrupting the way 并防止他们破坏方式
that the proteins work. 蛋白质起作用。
(light music) （轻音乐）
Dr. Yancey has discovered that deep sea fish Yancey博士发现了深海鱼
have higher levels of TMAO than others 具有比其他人更高的TMAO水平
and the Mariana snail fish has the highest of all. 马里亚纳蜗牛鱼是最高的。
This remarkable finding suggests that the 这一非凡的发现表明，
Mariana snail fish may be better adapted 马里亚纳蜗牛鱼可能会更好地适应
to life in the deep than any other species. 在生命中比其他任何物种都深。
The Mariana Trench started to form around 马里亚纳海沟开始形成
50 million years ago. 五千万年前。
That's relatively recent in the earth's long history 在地球悠久的历史中这是相对较新的
where few creatures alive today seem to have 今天活着的生物似乎很少
evolved ways of surviving in its depths. 在深处生存的进化方式。
We think that fish has evolved in shallow waters 我们认为鱼是在浅水区进化的
and most of the major groups of fishes 和大多数主要鱼类
have not made it into the deep sea. 还没有进入深海。
So it seems to be very difficult for animals 所以对动物来说似乎很难
to evolve the ability to work under pressure. 发展在压力下工作的能力。
So we imagine it's taken millions of years 所以我们想象这花了数百万年
and only a few types of fishes have made it down. 而且只有少数几种鱼类将其击倒。
(waves crashing) （海啸）
The team are preparing to launch 团队正在准备发射
another lander to get some more footage 另一个着陆器以获得更多镜头
of the snail fish in their natural habitat. 在其自然栖息地中的蜗牛鱼。
(water bubbling) （冒泡）
They wait eagerly to see if their bait 他们热切地等待看诱饵
attracts any visitors. 吸引任何游客。
Oh, there he is. 哦，他在那里。
There are snail fish here. 这里有蜗牛鱼。
Two of them, there's two. 其中两个，有两个。
That was cool. 太酷了
The lander has settled on the ocean floor 着陆器已定居在海底
at about 8000 meters below the surface. 在地表以下约8000米处。
The bait has already attracted both amphipods 诱饵已经吸引了两个双足动物
and snail fish, and the team get a wonderful 和蜗牛鱼，团队获得了精彩
view of life in the very deepest part 最深处的人生观
of the earth's oceans. 地球的海洋。
Look at that, he just ate. 看那个，他就吃了。
That's fantastic here. 这真是太好了。
To their delight the camera is recording 让他们高兴的是相机正在录制
a fish feeding on amphipods. 以两栖动物为食的鱼。
It's just the kind of behavior that the researchers 这只是研究人员的一种行为
were hoping to see. 希望看到。
The snail fish may look like a harmless tadpole 蜗牛鱼看起来像无害的t
but it has some formidable weapons. 但是它有一些强大的武器。
A CT scan reveals the details of its internal anatomy. CT扫描揭示了其内部解剖结构的细节。
It has over 100 sharp teeth that ensure its prey 它有超过100颗锋利的牙齿，可确保猎物
can't escape. 无法逃脱。
And at the back of the throat, there is a second 在喉咙的后面，有一秒钟
set of jaws with more teeth. 牙齿更多的下巴套。
It's a complex system that enables the fish 这是一个复杂的系统，可以使鱼
to crush and grind food and so feed 碾碎和碾碎食物等饲料
on a great variety of prey. 在各种各样的猎物上。
And it may be one of the reasons why the Mariana 这可能是为什么玛丽安娜（Mariana）的原因之一
snail fish is able to live at such extreme depths 蜗牛鱼能够生活在如此极端的深度
where food is so scarce. 那里的食物如此稀缺。
In the deep sea you kind of don't know 在深海你不知道
when your next meal will be. 下顿饭什么时候开始。
So you wanna be adapted to eat anything 所以你想适应吃任何东西
that you can find. 您可以找到。
Maybe that's where they are devoting their energy 也许那是他们投入精力的地方
is to making a very strong jaw for crushing prey. 就是要制造一个非常坚固的颚来压碎猎物。
They do seem quite fragile but they seem very successful. 它们看起来确实很脆弱，但是看起来非常成功。
We are beginning to get some understanding 我们开始有所了解
of how the Mariana snail fish and other Mariana蜗牛鱼和其他食物的方式
deep sea creatures manage to survive 深海生物设法生存
in the deepest parts of our oceans. 在我们海洋的最深处。
The first to gather at a fresh carcass 第一个聚集在新鲜尸体上的人
are the scavenging amphipods. 是清除脚架类动物。
Following them come larger predatory amphipods. 随之而来的是更大的掠食性两栖动物。
And these in turn are hunted by Mariana snail fish 而这些又被马里亚纳蜗牛鱼猎杀
which crush the amphipods' shells 压碎了两栖类动物的壳
with their specialized jaws. 他们的下巴很专业。
Astonishingly there appears to be an entire 令人惊讶的是似乎有一个完整的
community of animals that flourishes 蓬勃发展的动物群落
as deep as eight kilometers down in the sea. 在海底八公里深处
But what does the smallest of these creatures 但是这些生物中最小的是什么
usually feed on? 平时以什么为食？
These amphipods are scavengers that eat dead 这些两栖类动物是吞噬死亡的拾荒者
and decaying matter. 和腐烂的物质。
But very little food ever reaches these depths. 但是，很少有食物能达到这些深度。
Now new research has shown they don't rely 现在新的研究表明他们不依赖
just on the occasional animal carcass, 只是偶尔在动物尸体上，
but also on something more surprising, driftwood. 而且还有更令人惊讶的东西，浮木。
Wood is notoriously difficult to digest 众所周知，木材很难消化
but the amphipods have evolved a powerful 但是两栖动物进化出了强大的
wood-busting enzyme that could break it down 破坏木材的酶可能会将其分解
and extract energy from it. 并从中提取能量。
(light music) （轻音乐）
Chunks of wood do sometimes sink into the ocean trenches. 有时大块木头会沉入海沟。
These may form a significant part 这些可能构成重要的部分
of the amphipods' diet and enable it 两栖动物的饮食并使其
to live where few other creatures can. 居住在其他生物很少能生存的地方。
(suspenseful music) （悬疑的音乐）
We have a long ways to go in exploring the deep ocean. 探索深海，我们还有很长的路要走。
We have a lot of questions left. 我们还有很多问题。
And we're just going to have to keep exploring 而且我们将不得不继续探索
the trenches to find it and to try 在战trench中找到它并尝试
to answer a whole lot of other questions that we have. 回答我们还有很多其他问题。
(waves crashing) （海啸）
The team are now heading for a location 团队现在要前往一个地点
near the entrance of the Mariana Trench. 靠近玛丽安娜海沟的入口。
(mechanical cables lifting) （机械电缆吊装）
This time they're dispatching a remotely 这次他们正在远程调度
operated vehicle, an ROV. 机动车辆，ROV。
They're hoping to find a place that was discovered 他们希望找到一个被发现的地方
several years ago 5,700 meters below the surface. 几年前，地表以下5700米。
The ROV moves along the steep rocky slopes of the trench. ROV沿着沟槽的陡峭岩石斜坡移动。
And as it comes around a corner, it finds 随着拐角的到来，它发现
what they've been looking for. 他们一直在寻找什么。
(people speaking foreign language) （说外语的人）
It's a ghostly site resembling the stalactite formations 这是一个类似于钟乳石地层的幽灵地带
in a dark cave. 在一个黑暗的洞穴中。
(light music) （轻音乐）
And there is also life within this strange 在这个陌生的世界里也有生命
underwater landscape. 水下景观。
A tangle of deep sea tube worms. 一团深海管蠕虫。
And on the sea floor a bed of giant white clams. 在海床上，铺着巨大的白色蛤s。
They've not been seen in the trench before. 他们以前从未在战trench中见过。
(light music) （轻音乐）
All these lifeforms can only exist here 所有这些生命形式只能在这里存在
because the water seeping from deep below 因为水从深处渗入
is rich in dissolved chemicals which can 富含溶解的化学物质，可以
be converted into food by a whole community 被整个社区转化为食物
of deep sea creatures. 深海生物。
The seeps in the Mariana Trench are still mysterious 马里亚纳海沟的渗水仍然是神秘的
and largely unexplored. 而且基本上没有被开发。
(light music) （轻音乐）
The expedition is now heading towards the deepest 现在，探险队正在向最深处进发
part of the Mariana Trench. 马里亚纳海沟的一部分。
It's a slot of the southern edge called 这是南部边缘的一个狭缝
the Challenger Deep. 挑战者深渊。
On the 23rd of January, 1960, the US Navy 1960年1月23日，美国海军
made history by sending down the first manned 通过派遣第一个人来创造历史
deep sea vessel into its depths. 深海船只进入其深处。
Its two-man crew sat inside a small sphere 它的两个人的船员坐在一个小球体内
on the underside of the submersible. 在潜水器的下面。
The rest of the ship was a float chamber 其余的船是浮舱
filled with gasoline to give it buoyancy. 充满汽油以使其具有浮力。
And the two men who attempted the journey 和两个尝试旅程的人
were lieutenant Don Walsh and scientist Jacque Picard. 是唐·沃尔什中尉和科学家雅克·皮卡德。
The dissent took nearly five hours 异议者花了将近五个小时
but they reached the bottom and a depth 但是他们到达了最深处
of nearly 11 kilometers. 近11公里。
The submersible that made this historic voyage 进行这次历史性航行的潜水器
is called the Trieste and is now kept 被称为的里雅斯特，现在被保留
in the US Navy Museum in Washington. 在华盛顿的美国海军博物馆。
Don Walsh remembers the epic journey well. 唐·沃尔什（Don Walsh）对史诗般的旅程记忆犹新。
As you can see this window here is not straight ahead. 如您所见，这里的窗口并不遥远。
It's pointed down to the seafloor. 它指向海底。
He claims to have seen something remarkable 他声称看到了非凡的东西
on the ocean floor. 在海底。
We had outside lights, which are on the bottom part 我们的室外灯在底部
of the balloon here. 气球在这里。
So we could see from here out to about 10 meters 所以我们可以看到从这里到大约10米
on the seafloor. 在海底。
Well just before we landed on the bottom, 好在我们降落到底部之前，
we saw a flat fish, like a sole or a halibut. 我们看到了一条扁平的鱼，例如脚掌或大比目鱼。
Jacque was at the window. 雅克在窗前。
He said come here, look, fish. 他说，过来，看，鱼。
And he moved away from the window. 然后他离开了窗户。
I moved up, looked at it, and that's what 我向上移动，看着它，就是这样
it looked like to me. 在我看来。
This is almost a quick snapshot. 这几乎是一个快速快照。
'Cause soon as we landed, poof, our vision went away. ``因为我们着陆后就po了，我们的视野消失了。
This is Don's drawing of the fish 这是唐的画
he thinks he saw. 他以为自己看见了。
But most scientists are skeptical. 但是大多数科学家对此表示怀疑。
And they have good reason. 他们有充分的理由。
Deep sea fish need high levels of TMAO 深海鱼需要高水平的TMAO
to withstand the enormous water pressure. 承受巨大的水压。
But at extreme depths of over 8000 meters, 但是在超过8000米的极端深度，
it's thought that the fish would need 认为鱼需要
so much TMAO that their bodies would cease 太多的TMAO，他们的身体会停止
to function properly. 正常运行。
I know that many marine biologists 我知道很多海洋生物学家
and fish specialists said we didn't see a fish 鱼专家说我们没看到鱼
because one couldn't live at that depth 因为一个人不能住在那样的深度
and so on and so forth. 等等等等。
I'm willing to allow or admit that maybe 我愿意允许或承认
we didn't see what we saw. 我们没有看到我们看到的。
But for now, until they can prove us wrong, 但是现在，直到他们能证明我们错了，
I'll have to stick with fish 'cause I know 我得坚持吃鱼，因为我知道
what the fish looks like. 鱼长什么样。
After the descent of the Trieste, 的里雅斯特（Trieste）下降后，
over 50 years ago, only unmanned vessels 50多年前，只有无人船
made the journey into the Challenger Deep. 踏上了挑战者深渊的旅程。
Then in 2012, film director James Cameron 然后在2012年，电影导演詹姆斯·卡梅隆
became the third man to descend to the bottom. 成为第三个跌入谷底的人。
In the small area of the trench that he explored 在他探索的海沟小区域
he saw a number of deep sea creatures but no fish. 他看到了许多深海生物，但没有鱼类。
The question as to whether there are fish 关于是否有鱼的问题
in the deepest parts of our ocean is a fascinating one. 在我们海洋的最深处是一个迷人的地方。
Japanese scientists have teamed up 日本科学家联手
with filmmakers to develop a new type 与电影制片人一起开发新型
of ROV that might be able to answer the question. ROV也许可以回答这个问题。
It's one that can move freely along the ocean floor 它可以在海底自由移动
at a depth of 10,000 meters. 在10,000米的深度
All its parts are specially designed 所有零件均经过特殊设计
to be able to withstand extreme pressure. 才能承受极端的压力。
It's taken a whole year to complete its construction. 整整花了整整一年的时间。
Now the ROV is heading out into the Challenger Deep 现在，ROV正驶向挑战者深渊
for the first time. 首次。
The engineers carry out the final safety checks. 工程师进行最终的安全检查。
The ROV is equipped with high resolution cameras ROV配备高分辨率相机
that can be operated from the surface. 可以从表面操作。
It's a unique system where the ROV and its launcher ROV及其启动器是一个独特的系统
are dispatched together. 一起派遣。
The two parts are coupled together during descent 这两个部分在下降过程中耦合在一起
lowered by a main cable from the mother ship. 由母船的主电缆降下。
At 7,000 meters the smaller vehicle is separated 在7,000米处，较小的车辆被分开
from the launcher and a one millimeter fiber optic 从发射器和一毫米光纤
cable is now the only connection between the two. 现在，电缆是两者之间的唯一连接。
Once uncoupled, the lighter vehicle can move around 解除连接后，较轻的车辆可以四处行驶
more freely to explore the ocean floor. 更自由地探索海底。
(upbeat music) （欢快的音乐）
It's four in the morning. 现在是凌晨四点。
The team prepare to launch the new system. 团队准备启动新系统。
It will take six hours for the ROV to reach the bottom ROV到达底部需要六个小时
so they start well before dawn. 所以他们早在黎明之前就开始了。
(loud splash) （大声飞溅）
(man talking) （男人说话）
The ROV sends back images to the ship's control room ROV将图像发送回船舶控制室
as it descends. 随着它的下降。
1000 meters. 1000米
After three hours the ROV and launcher 三个小时后，ROV和发射器
are 7000 meters down. 下降了7000米
They'll now be uncoupled. 现在，它们将解耦。
All systems go, commence separation. 所有系统走开，开始分离。
Everyone is on edge. 每个人都处于边缘。
During testing the thin fiber optic cable 在测试细电缆期间
repeatedly snapped at this stage. 在这个阶段反复折断。
They watch nervously. 他们紧张地看着。
It's free, keep going. 它是免费的，请继续。
Good, it's all right. 好，没关系。
Separation complete, time 7:57. 分离完成，时间7:57。
This is nerveracking. 这真令人讨厌。
The uncoupling went without a hitch 脱钩顺利进行
and the ROV continues its dive to the bottom ROV继续潜入最低点
of the trench. 的沟槽。
8000 meters. 8000米
It's now beyond the depth at which 现在已经超出了
fish can survive. 鱼可以生存。
10,000 meters. 10,000米。
And it's more than 10 kilometers 超过十公里
below the surface. 在表面之下。
50 meters to the bottom. 到底部50米。
The countdown to the bottom has begun. 倒计时已经开始。
30 meters, five meters. 30米，5米
It's hard to see the sea floor. 很难看到海床。
Are we seeing it? 我们看到了吗？
Ah, there it is, yup. 嗯，是的，是的。
That's definite. 那是肯定的。
But after six hours and 20 minutes 但是六小时二十分钟之后
the ROV has finally reached the bottom. ROV终于到达底部。
This is the deepest place in all the oceans 这是所有海洋中最深的地方
of the earth. 地球的。
The temperature is 2.4 degrees above freezing 温度比冻结高2.4度
and the ocean floor is covered by a thick layer of sediment. 海床被厚厚的沉积物覆盖。
This barren lunar landscape seems lifeless. 这种贫瘠的月球风景似乎毫无生气。
The ROV slowly starts to move across the ocean floor. ROV慢慢开始在海底移动。
The water pressure at this depth is so enormous 这个深度的水压是如此之大
it's equal to a one ton weight placed 等于一吨重
on the end of your finger. 在手指的末端。
Can anything really survive here? 真的可以在这里生存吗？
The team watch intently for any sign of life. 团队会密切注意生命的任何迹象。
And there it is, a small white shrimp-like creature. 在那里，有一个小的白色虾状生物。
Given the enormous pressure it's under, 面对巨大的压力，
it's swimming with surprising speed. 它以惊人的速度游泳。
It appears to be an amphipod. 它似乎是一个两栖动物。
It's the first time one has been observed at this depth. 这是第一次在此深度观测到。
Here, this. 在这里
The team have spotted something else. 团队发现了其他东西。
It's a type of sea cucumber, the soft bodied 这是海参的一种
marine creature. 海洋生物。
It's closest relatives are star fish and sea urchins. 它的近亲是星鱼和海胆。
Most sea cucumbers feed on plankton and waste matter 大多数海参以浮游生物和废物为食
on the sea floor. 在海底。
The researchers have not seen this kind before. 研究人员以前从未见过这种情况。
It could be a new species. 它可能是一个新物种。
(men talking) （男人在说话）
Then the ROV finds even more. 然后，ROV发现更多。
The ocean floor around them seems disturbed. 他们周围的海底似乎被打乱了。
It looks like they've been feeding. 看起来他们一直在喂食。
Sea cucumbers do that by sucking in sediment 海参通过吸收沉积物来做到这一点
and filtering out the edible particles. 并过滤掉可食用的颗粒。
The rest is ejected and returned to the sea floor. 其余的被弹出并返回海底。
The ROV then continues on its journey. ROV然后继续前进。
(men talking) （男人在说话）
The researchers are thrilled. 研究人员很兴奋。
They never imagined there would be such large numbers 他们从来没有想过会有这么多的数字
of sea cucumbers at this depth. 在这个深度的海参。
These animals are all aligned in the same direction. 这些动物都朝着同一方向排列。
That suggests that there is a current flowing 这表明有电流在流动
along the bottom, and the sea cucumbers 沿着底部，还有海参
may be facing the flow to save energy. 可能正面临着潮流以节省能源。
So it seems that the deepest reaches 所以似乎最深的范围
of our oceans hold more life than we once thought possible. 我们海洋中的生命比我们以前认为的要多。
What appears to be a desolate landscape 似乎是一片荒凉的风景
is in fact home to some highly specialized creatures. 实际上是一些高度专业化的生物的家。
But how is it that sea cucumbers and amphipods 但是海参和两栖动物怎么样
are not crushed to death by water 没有被水压死
over 10 kilometers deep? 超过十公里深？
Recent research has revealed that another chemical 最近的研究表明，另一种化学
substance may hold the answer. 实质可能会解决问题。
It's been found in large quantities along with TMAO 与TMAO一起被大量发现
in deep sea amphipods and it's called scyllo inositol. 在深海的两栖动物中，它叫做scyllo肌醇。
It has a flat molecular structure that may allow it 它具有扁平的分子结构，可能使其
to wedge itself between protein molecules 在蛋白质分子之间楔入自身
and counteract the effect of water pressure. 并抵消水压的影响。
And scyllo inositol may protect proteins 鞘氨醇可以保护蛋白质
in a way TMAO cannot. TMAO无法做到。
TMAO will only work up to a certain depth. TMAO只能工作到一定深度。
In deeper waters, the proteins stick together 在更深的水中，蛋白质粘在一起
and cease to work properly. 并停止正常工作。
If scyllo inositol is present, it may wedge itself 如果存在scyllo肌醇，它可能会自身楔入
between the proteins and restore their function. 在蛋白质之间恢复其功能。
We don't yet know whether other creatures 我们还不知道其他生物
that live in these depths have high levels 住在这些深处的人
of scyllo inositol. 西洛肌醇。
And it's not inconceivable that some fish 还有一些鱼不是不可想象的
could make use of a substance like this. 可以利用这样的物质。
If so, then Don Walsh could have been right 如果是这样，那么唐·沃尔什可能是对的
when he claimed to have seen one some 50 years ago. 他声称自己在50年前见过一次。
Our expeditions that dive into the deepest parts 我们的探险深入到最深处
of the Mariana Trench has revealed sea cucumbers 马里亚纳海沟的居民发现了海参
and amphipods. 和两栖动物。
But it's been unable to find any fish. 但是一直找不到鱼。
For now this will remain one of the unsolved mysteries 目前，这仍然是未解之谜之一
of the trench. 的沟槽。
(light music) （轻音乐）
While deep sea exploration has unraveled 虽然深海探险已经解散
some of the mysteries of our oceans, 我们海洋的一些奥秘
one question continues to puzzle scientists. 一个问题继续困扰着科学家。
Where did the animals that live in the Mariana Trench 马里亚纳海沟中的动物住在哪里
come from? 来自？
Doctor Hiroshi Kitazato has studied deep sea creatures 北里博史医生研究了深海生物
for many years and has an extraordinary theory. 多年，并具有非凡的理论。
DNA analysis of the lifeforms in the hadal zone 旱区生物形态的DNA分析
has made great progress in recent years. 近年来取得了长足的进步。
Based on those results, we can say 根据这些结果，我们可以说
with some degree of confidence that these creatures 确信这些生物
are likely to have come from antarctic waters. 可能来自南极水域。
In fact, the Mariana Trench 实际上，马里亚纳海沟
and the antarctic have one thing in common. 和南极有一个共同点。
Their waters are very cold and poor in food. 他们的水很冷，食物很贫乏。
The amphipods from the Mariana Trench were also found 还发现了马里亚纳海沟的两栖动物
to have the same cold tolerance gene 具有相同的耐寒基因
that is found in antarctic amphipods. 在南极两栖动物中被发现。
As for snail fish, they are common throughout our oceans 至于蜗牛鱼，它们在我们的海洋中很常见
but they're more abundant in antarctic waters. 但它们在南极水域中更为丰富。
So the Mariana snail fish may have its origin 因此马里亚纳蜗牛鱼可能有其起源
in the antarctic seas. 在南极海中。
There are in fact deep ocean currents 实际上有深洋流
that connect the antarctic with the Mariana Trench. 连接南极和马里亚纳海沟。
Cold antarctic water sits at the bottom 南极冷水位于底部
and flows out along the seafloor into other oceans. 并沿着海底流入其他海洋。
In the Pacific one of them crosses the equator 在太平洋中，有一个越过赤道
and flows into the Mariana Trench. 并流入马里亚纳海沟。
Animals found in the Mariana Trench today 今天在马里亚纳海沟发现的动物
could have made the journey by adapting 本来可以通过适应
to their new environments along the way. 一路走到他们的新环境。
The trench only reached its currently depth trench只到达了目前的深度
10 million years ago, so the creatures 一千万年前，所以这些生物
that live here must have evolved relatively recently. 生活在这里的事物一定是最近才发展起来的。
Only animals like snail fish and amphipods 只有蜗牛鱼和两栖类动物
already adapted to living in the cold 已经适应寒冷
would have been able to make this epic journey. 本来可以完成史诗般的旅程。
The Mariana Trench is just one of the many 马里亚纳海沟只是众多的其中之一
deep gorges hidden beneath our oceans. 隐藏在我们海洋深处的深峡谷。
But it has given us a brief glimpse 但这给了我们一个简短的瞥见
of some remarkable animals that manage 一些出色的动物
to survive in one of the most inhospitable places 在最荒凉的地方之一生存
on the planet. 在这个星球上。
If creatures like these can remain unknown 如果这样的生物可以保持未知
for so long, what others might there still be hiding 这么久了，其他人可能还会藏起来
in the deep. 在深处。
It's a reminder of how little we still know 这提醒着我们还知道多少
about the deepest reaches of our oceans. 关于我们海洋的最深处。
(light music) （轻音乐）